Short
forms (I'm
/ you've / didn't
etc.)
В разговорном английском
мы обычно говорим
`I'm/you've/didn't'
и т.д. (= I
am/you
have/did
not).
Мы также используем эти
сокращенные формы в неофициальном письменном английском
(например, в письмах друзьям). Когда мы записываем сокращенные
формы, мы используем апостроф
(') для пропущенных букв или буквы:
I'm
= I am
you've = you have
didn't = did not
Сокращенные формы вспомогательных
глаголов
am/is/are/have/has/had/will/shall/would
'm
=
am I'm
's
=
is
/ has he's she's it's
're
=
are you're we're they're
've
= have I've you've we've they've
'll
= will
/ shall I'll he'll she'll it'll you'll we'll they'll
'd
= would/
had I'd he'd she'd you'd we'd they'd
's
может быть is
или has:
-
He's
ill. (= He is
ill.)
-
He's
gone away. (= He
has
gone away.)
'd
can be would
or had:
-
I'd
see a doctor if I were you. (=
I would
see)
-
I'd
never seen her before. (=
I had
never seen)
Мы используем некоторые
из этих сокращенных форм
после вопросительных слов (who/what/how
и т.д.) и
после that/there/here:
who's
what's where's that's there's
who'll
what'll when's that'll there'll
who'd
how's here's
-
Who's
that girl over there? (=
who is)
-
What's
happened? (= what
has)
-
I think there'll
be a lot of people at the party. (=
there will)
Иногда мы используем сокращенные
формы (особенно
's)
после существительного:
-
John's
going out tonight. (=
John is
going)
-
My
friend's just got married.
(= My friends has
just got)
Вы не можете употреблять
эти сокращенные формы ('m/'s/'ve
и т.д.) в конце предложения (потому что
глагол здесь находится в сильной позиции):
-
`Are you tired?' `Yes, I am.'
(а не `yes, I'm.')
-
Do you know where he is?
(а не `Do you know
where he's?')
Сокращенные формы вспомогательных
глаголов +
not
(isn't/didn't
и т.д.):
isn't
(=
is not) haven't
(= have not) wouldn't
(= would not)
aren't
(= are not) hasn't
(= has not) shouldn't
(= should not)
wasn't
(= was not) hadn't
(= had not) mightn't
(= might not)
weren't
(= were not) can't
(= cannot) mustn't
(= must not)
don't
(= do not) couldn't
(= could not) needn't
(= need not)
doesn't
(= does not)
won't (= will not)
daren't
(=dare not)
didn't
(= did not) shan't
(= shall not)
Запомните, что вы можете
сказать:
he
isn't
/ she isn't
/ it isn't
или
he's not
/ she's not
/ it's not
you
aren't
/ we aren't
/ they aren't
или
you're not/we're
not/they're
not
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